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[Music]

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it's gonna have to give you guys an

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introduction to biology and the greater

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context of astrobiology so we can think

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about the ball the biologists

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contribution or their utility to

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astrobiology and I think this is a

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really interesting question because I

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really don't think that the full

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potential of the biologists have been

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realized yet and that's really for sort

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of the plain reason that we haven't

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really found anything yet

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so we haven't found any of these guides

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or something like this we haven't really

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found any life-forms Ector

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extraterrestrial life-forms that the

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biologists could then go in and CAD or

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categorize and characterize but they can

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still do some some things so one of the

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things biologists can do in the context

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of astrobiology is look at the origin of

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life on Earth and what that informs us

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about the origin of life elsewhere

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so obviously the origin of all life way

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back seems to tell your life but also

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evolution throughout time so eukaryotic

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life multicellularity large macro fauna

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and then even the evolution of things

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like intelligence in biology and so a

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few of the talks we're gonna give today

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are gonna cover that topic most of them

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are gonna center around here at the

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beginning but valerio is gonna tell us

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about the evolution of biopolymers and

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so molecules important to biology mostly

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exist as as palmer's so things like DNA

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and protein so the strung together

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change of monomers but what's

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interesting is that a lot of the

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monomers that make up present-day

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biopolymers are sort of really hard to

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assemble under prebiotic conditions and

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so a lot of people think that the

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monomers that we know and love today are

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actually descended from sort of these

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these proto monomers that made up proto

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polymers of similar but but

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fundamentally different molecules the

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layers can tell us about that Jose is

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then gonna tell us about the origin of

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viruses and so this is a really

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interesting topic because I don't think

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it's one a lot of people think of

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everyone so obsessed with with finding

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the origin about cellular life where as

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you know we have these viruses

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that have a huge bearing on curbing

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biological populations down from

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single-cell bacteria all the way up to

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the humans these things that are

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technically nonliving a cellular life

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forms who have genomes that not only DNA

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like all cellular life but also RNA and

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so trying to pinpoint how these how

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these things evolved why they evolved is

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very interesting question in terms of

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finally under the umbrella of this topic

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Anna's going to talk to us about

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membrane membrane formation and this is

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a really important step in terms of

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going from prebiotic chemistry to

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cellular life because sort of we can

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think of without a membrane we sort of

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have this diffuse prebiotic chemistry

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where things are far apart they're not

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high concentration molecules that are

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reacting with each with each other might

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not be doing so in a very fast fashion

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but then if you can enclose this in a

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membrane you're concentrating and

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compartmentalizing these molecules so

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that they can have they can interact a

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lot more commonly and a lot faster with

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each other so you're sort of

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exponentially than increasing from that

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point getting to sort of something we

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would we would recognize as a modern

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life point so or just like another thing

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biologists can do is extra charge

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through analog studies and so right here

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is just the earth and obviously we can

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think of this as environment their

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environments on earth that are analogs

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for other planets either in our solar

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system or even exoplanets things like

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that because of the geochemical that the

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atmospheric conditions in these

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environments they mimic us you know with

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something like your OPA or Mars this can

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also apply to organisms themselves so

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you can have an organism that because

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because of the metabolism metabolism it

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employs it is an analogue it might not

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necessarily live in an analog

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environment but it could be an analog

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for an organism we might see on another

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environment for instance perchlorate

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reducers might not all live in Mars

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analog environments but that might be a

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very interesting

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metabolism for something that would be

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living on Mars right now so Laura's

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gonna talk to us about analog

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environments and she's gonna she's gonna

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talk about the the Atacama Desert in the

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Andes and you can just see basically you

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know the picture you know this is Earth

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Mars obviously but you know very similar

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and so what we do in these analog

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environments is basically go in and we

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look at who's there and what they're

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doing so we look first look at who's

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there

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and then probably more importantly how

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are they making their living there how

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are they utilizing what's there to to to

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grow to make to make necessary molecules

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and divide so those two and then another

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one that maybe even as thought of but

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that Larry do Lucas really introduced

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very well is that the biological effects

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of spaceflight in the space like our

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space environment so something like in a

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microgravity environment how that

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affects organisms all the way up from

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humans down to down to bacteria and so

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that's a really interesting question

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because this is an environment that

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nature and evolution have never seen and

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have never had to plank plan for so so

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understanding you know how how it adapts

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to this environment or what changes

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happen a very interesting question

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so Michaels gonna talk to us about that

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with this model gram positive bacteria

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organism called bacillus subtlest and

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he's basically just gonna look at gene

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expression comparing that to you know

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let's say you know we have a cell with

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where gene Y is turned on and gene Z is

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is turned off on earth but then we put

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it up in the international space system

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and then under all conditions being the

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same except for the fact that it's now

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in space well gy is turned off and gene

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Z is now turned on and so so what why

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does that happen so then finally it sort

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of goes along with this third goal point

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we have planetary protection human

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colonization of planetary bodies so

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there's a reason NASA spent all this

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money to make these things that they're

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sending out into the out into space

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extremely sterile extremely abiotic

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that's because we're very worried about

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bringing things like microorganisms from

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Earth and landing

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on an environment March where they might

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be able to grow and and now we have

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basically compromised

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the planet by bringing earth earthbound

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bacteria to that and so there's a lot of

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research looking at how basically we can

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keep from messing up the planet but all

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then also how we can while trying to not

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do that you know form settlements or

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stable colonies on these planets both

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sort of self-contained ones on places

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like the Moon or Mars and then also

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possibly on planets that have might have

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atmospheres that are conducive to human

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life open settlements and I don't think

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we're gonna make it today for this talk

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but she was going to give this really

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interesting talk about basically looking

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at how people aren't humans on earth

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through time have affected their

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environment both closed systems natural

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systems that aren't affected aren't as

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affected by humans and then other open

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systems and really what that means for

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our ability to basically sustain

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something like a some type of dome on

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colony on earth or on the Moon or Mars

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but also some type of actual new

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settlement uncontained settlement on an

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exoplanet that might have a an

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atmosphere an eco sphere similar to

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Earth so with that I just like to invite

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you to sit back relax and enjoy what I'm

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sure will be some fascinating and very